The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of 8 weeks of Velocity-based training on physical fitness and aerobic gymnastics skills performance among college aerobic gymnastics athletes in Henan, China 1. To examine the effects of Velocity-based training across pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2 on selected fitness components in terms of power, strength, speed, agility, balance, endurance, coordination, and flexibility among aerobic gymnast athletes in Henan, China. 2. To evaluate the effects of Velocity-based training across pretest, posttest 1 and posttest 2 on selected parameters of gymnast athletes skills in Group A Floor Elements (Family 1 Dynamic Strength: A-Frame, Family 2 Static Strength: Support, Family 3 Leg Circle: Helicopter), Group B Airborne Elements (Family 4 Dynamic Jump: Air Turn, Family 5 Form Jump: Cossack, Family 6 Split Leap: Switch Split ), and Group C Stanning Elements(Family Turns: Turn) of aerobic gymnasts from Henan, China. 3. To examine the effects of Velocity-based training across pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2 on the skills performance of aerobic gymnasts in terms of scoring routines.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
60
Velocity-based training (VBT) is a resistance training method in which training loads are prescribed and adjusted in real time based on movement velocity feedback (kinematic outcomes).
Thirty university aerobic gymnasts underwent an 8-week conventional (percentage-based) resistance training program following the athletes' standard training schedule, without velocity monitoring or feedback.
Velocity-based training
Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Strength: One-Repetition Maximum Bench Press and Back Squat
Maximal upper-body strength (1RM bench press) and lower-body strength (1RM back squat) were each assessed using standardised one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing protocols. Values are reported separately for bench press and back squat, both in kilograms (kg). Higher values indicate greater maximal strength.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Power: Standing Long Jump Distance
Power was assessed using the standing long jump (SLJ) test, measured as horizontal jump distance in centimetres (cm) using a tape measure. Higher values indicate greater lower-body power.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Speed: 30-Metre Sprint Time
Linear sprinting speed was assessed using a 30-metre sprint test, timed with a stopwatch and recorded in seconds (s). Lower values indicate faster sprint speed (better performance).
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Agility: Illinois Agility Test Time
Change-of-direction agility was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), timed with a stopwatch and recorded in seconds (s). Lower values indicate better agility performance.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Endurance: Trunk Flexor Test Time
Endurance was assessed using the Trunk Flexor Test (TFT), a timed isometric hold test recorded in seconds (s) using a stopwatch. Higher values indicate greater muscular endurance.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Balance: Y-Balance Test Composite Reach Distance
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), with composite reach distance measured in centimetres (cm) using the Y-Balance Test instrument. Higher values indicate better dynamic balance.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Coordination: Wall-Toss Test Successful Catches
Upper-limb neuromuscular coordination was assessed using the Wall-Toss Test (WTT), recorded as the number of successful ball catches completed within a fixed 30-second trial. Higher values indicate better coordination. Note: this measure is a count of catches, not a time-based measurement.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Flexibility: Sit-and-Reach Distance
Flexibility was assessed using the Sit-and-Reach (SAR) test, measured in centimetres (cm) using a sit-and-reach box. Higher values indicate greater flexibility.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Dynamic Strength (Explosive A-Frame)
Execution of the Family 1 Dynamic Strength difficulty element (Explosive A-Frame) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Static Strength (Straddle Planche)
Execution of the Family 2 Static Strength difficulty element (Straddle Planche) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Leg Circle (Helicopter)
Execution of the Family 3 Leg Circle difficulty element (Helicopter) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Dynamic Jump (Scale Twist)
Execution of the Family 4 Dynamic Jump difficulty element (Scale Twist) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Form Jump (Cossack Jump)
Execution of the Family 5 Form Jump difficulty element (Cossack Jump) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Split Leap (Scissors Leap Turn)
Execution of the Family 6 Split Leap difficulty element (Scissors Leap Turn) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Skill Score: Turn (Double Illusion)
Execution of the Family 7 Turn difficulty element (Double Illusion) was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), on a scale of 0 to 10 points. Higher scores indicate better technical execution.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
Aerobic Gymnastics Overall Routine Score
Overall competitive routine performance was scored by certified judges according to the FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points (2025), combining Difficulty (D-Score), Execution (E-Score), and Artistry (A-Score) components. Total score is reported in points with no fixed upper bound; higher scores indicate better overall routine performance.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline (Week 0), Week 4, and Week 8 of the 8-week training intervention.
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