The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether the addition of manual traction to a standard rehabilitation protocol improves early recovery after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in women aged 50-75 years with knee osteoarthritis. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does the addition of manual traction reduce postoperative pain during the first four weeks after TKA? * Does manual traction improve physical function, knee range of motion, patient-reported knee function, and health-related quality of life compared with standard rehabilitation alone? * Does manual traction reduce the need for analgesic medication during the early postoperative rehabilitation period? Researchers will compare participants receiving manual traction plus standard rehabilitation with participants receiving sham traction plus the same standard rehabilitation protocol to determine whether manual traction provides additional clinical benefits during early rehabilitation after TKA. Participants will: * Be randomly assigned to either the manual traction group or the sham traction (control) group. * Receive a standardized rehabilitation program for four weeks after surgery, with the intervention group receiving manual traction and the control group receiving sham traction. * Attend supervised rehabilitation sessions five times per week throughout the four-week intervention period. * Complete validated questionnaires assessing pain, knee function, joint awareness, and health-related quality of life at predefined assessment time points. * Undergo standardized clinical assessments of knee range of motion and physical function before surgery, before rehabilitation, during follow-up, and one month after surgery. * Have their analgesic medication use recorded throughout the rehabilitation period.
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most effective surgical procedures for managing end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Despite advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care, many patients continue to experience pain, reduced range of motion, impaired physical function, and delayed recovery during the early postoperative period. Early rehabilitation is therefore essential to optimize functional outcomes, promote independence, and improve health-related quality of life. Standard rehabilitation following TKA typically includes pain management, therapeutic exercises, gait training, progressive weight-bearing, and functional mobility training. Although these interventions are effective, additional manual therapy techniques may further enhance postoperative recovery by reducing pain, improving joint mobility, and facilitating functional performance. Manual traction is a passive joint distraction technique designed to decrease compressive forces across the tibiofemoral joint, improve joint mobility, and reduce pain. While manual traction has demonstrated beneficial effects in patients with knee osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders, evidence regarding its effectiveness during the early rehabilitation period after TKA remains limited. High-quality randomized controlled trials investigating this intervention in the postoperative setting are scarce. This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of adding manual traction to a standardized rehabilitation protocol during the first four postoperative weeks following primary TKA. Participants will be randomly allocated to receive either manual traction combined with standard rehabilitation or sham traction combined with the same rehabilitation program. Participant and outcome assessor blinding will be implemented to minimize performance and assessment bias, while the treating physiotherapist will not participate in outcome assessment because blinding of the therapist is not feasible. Detailed Description - The study is designed to determine whether the addition of manual traction provides clinically meaningful improvements during early postoperative recovery. The findings are expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of manual traction as an adjunct to standard rehabilitation and may contribute to the optimization of postoperative physiotherapy protocols following primary total knee arthroplasty.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
48
Participants will receive manual tibiofemoral traction combined with a standardized rehabilitation program following total knee arthroplasty. During the first postoperative week, all participants will receive standard rehabilitation without traction. Manual traction will begin in the second postoperative week and will be applied by a physiotherapist using the Kaltenborn technique. The distal femur will be stabilized with a fixation belt, while a separate traction belt around the distal tibia and fibula will apply tibiofemoral traction with the knee in extension. Traction will progress over three weeks: Grade I in week 2 (10-15% body weight), Grade II in week 3 (15-20%), and Grade III in week 4 (20-25%). The traction grade and force will be adjusted according to patient tolerance and postoperative safety. Each session will include 30-60 seconds of traction followed by a 15-second rest interval, repeated for eight cycles. After each session, ROM (20 active,20 assisted) will be performed.
Participants assigned to the control group will receive sham tibiofemoral traction combined with the standardized rehabilitation program following total knee arthroplasty. Sham traction will simulate the manual traction procedure without the application of therapeutic traction force. The procedure will be performed to maintain participant blinding while providing the same rehabilitation protocol as the intervention group.
University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK) - Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Pristina, Pristina District, Kosovo
Pain Intensity Measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), an 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable. Higher scores indicate worse pain.
Time frame: Baseline (preoperative) and weekly during the first four postoperative weeks (5 assessments).
Physical Function Measured by the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR)
Physical function will be assessed using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR), a 7-item questionnaire. The raw score (0-28) is converted to a normalized score ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates extreme knee-related problems and 100 indicates optimal knee health. Higher scores indicate better knee function.
Time frame: Pre-treatment and at the fourth postoperative week.
Knee range of motion
Knee range of motion will be measured in degrees using a universal goniometer. Higher values indicate greater knee joint mobility and better functional outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (preoperative), pre-treatment, and at the fourth postoperative week.
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
Functional mobility will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The time required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, return, and sit down will be recorded in seconds. Lower times indicate better functional mobility.
Time frame: At the fourth postoperative week.
Joint Perception Measured by the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12)
Joint perception will be assessed using the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12), a 12-item questionnaire. Raw scores are converted to a 0-100 scale, where 0 indicates the greatest joint awareness and 100 indicates complete joint awareness forgetting. Higher scores indicate better joint perception and less awareness of the operated knee during daily activities.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after surgery.
Health-Related Quality of Life Measured by the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)
Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). The questionnaire evaluates five dimensions of health: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates the worst imaginable health state and 100 indicates the best imaginable health state. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: Before surgery (baseline) and at 4 weeks after surgery.
Two-Minute Walk Test (2MWT)
Functional walking capacity will be assessed using the Two-Minute Walk Test (2MWT). The total distance walked in 2 minutes will be recorded in meters. Higher distances indicate better walking capacity.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after surgery.
Single-Leg Stance Test (SLST)
Balance will be assessed using the Single-Leg Stance Test (SLST). The duration participants are able to maintain single-leg stance will be recorded in seconds. Longer times indicate better balance.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after surgery.
Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5xSTS)
Lower limb functional performance will be assessed using the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5xSTS). The time required to complete five consecutive sit-to-stand repetitions will be recorded in seconds. Lower times indicate better lower limb functional performance.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after surgery.
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