Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting the gums and bone around dental implants. Peri-implant mucositis causes inflammation in the gums, while peri-implantitis can also lead to bone loss and, in severe cases, implant failure. Smoking is an important risk factor for these conditions because it may change how the immune system responds to inflammation and infection. This study will compare smokers and non-smokers with healthy dental implants, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis. Fluid samples will be collected from around the implants to measure proteins involved in inflammation, healing, and immune responses. The aim is to better understand how smoking affects the body's response to peri-implant diseases and to identify biological markers that may help assess disease risk and severity in the future.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
216
Gazi University
Ankara, Ankara, Turkey (Türkiye)
RECRUITINGPeri-implant crevicular fluid levels of Th1/Th2-, M1/M2-, and B-cell-related immune markers
Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples will be analyzed to determine the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, BAFF, and APRIL. These marker levels will be compared among smokers and non-smokers with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis
Time frame: At a single study visit
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