ABO/Rh Blood Group Phenotypes as Predictor of Treatment Outcomes in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Random mid stream spot urine samples were collected in sterile containers, and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured using the Roche Cobas chemistry analyzer. Albuminuria was categorized according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria as A1 (\<30 mg/g), A2 (30-300 mg/g), and A3 (\>300 mg/g) . The Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) was applied to estimate the predicted 2 year and 5 year risk of progression to end stage renal disease using baseline eGFR and ACR values . Percent change in both eGFR and ACR was calculated using the formula: ((Post - Pre) / Pre) × 100 . Significant (accelerated) DKD progression was defined as a ≥25% sustained decline in eGFR over 12 months or an annual loss of ≥15 mL/min/1.73 m² , while rapid eGFR decline was defined as a reduction \>5 mL/min/1.73 m² per year; end stage renal disease was defined as eGFR \<15 mL/min/1.73 m² or initiation of dialysis therapy . Albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) response was c