Comparison of Erector Spinae Plane Block and Caudal Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Orchiopexy: A Prospective Observational Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Children aged 1 to 7 years with ASA physical status I-II undergoing unilateral orchiopexy surgery. Exclusion Criteria: * ASA physical status ≥ III * History of prematurity (gestational age \< 37 weeks) Known coagulation disorders or bleeding tendency * Infection, inflammation, or skin lesion at the injection site * Known neurological or neuromuscular diseases * Presence of significant cardiac or pulmonary disease (e.g., congenital heart disease, active asthma) * Hepatic or renal dysfunction * Known allergy or hypersensitivity to local anesthetics (e.g., bupivacaine, lidocaine) * Developmental delay or cognitive impairment that prevents accurate pain assessment * Use of additional regional analgesia techniques (e.g., caudal block) during surgery * Block failure or intraoperative complications requiring exclusion from protocol analysis * Lack of parental consent for participation in the study