Effects of Turkish Coffee and Green Tea in Fatty Liver Disease

Okan University47 enrolled

Overview

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver condition associated with metabolic disorders and lifestyle factors. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Turkish coffee and green tea consumption in addition to a Mediterranean diet intervention on liver fat content, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements in individuals with fatty liver disease. Participants received a 12-week Mediterranean diet program and were assigned to groups consuming Turkish coffee, green tea, or no additional beverage intervention. Changes in liver ultrasonography findings, liver enzymes, metabolic parameters, and body measurements were evaluated before and after the intervention.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently included under the broader term metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Lifestyle modification, particularly dietary interventions, is considered the cornerstone of NAFLD management. This randomized controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of Turkish coffee and green tea consumption combined with a Mediterranean diet intervention on liver steatosis, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements in individuals diagnosed with fatty liver disease. Participants were assigned to three groups: a Turkish coffee group, a green tea group, and a control group. All participants received a 12-week Mediterranean diet intervention. In addition to the dietary intervention, the Turkish coffee group consumed Turkish coffee twice daily, while the green tea group consumed green tea three times daily. The control group continued with the Mediterranean diet without additional beverage intervention. Before and after the 12-week intervention, participants were evaluated for liver steatosis using ultrasonography, liver function tests (including alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\], aspartate aminotransferase \[AST\], and gamma-glutamyl transferase \[GGT\]), metabolic parameters, and anthropometric measurements. The aim of this study is to determine whether Turkish coffee and green tea consumption as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet may have beneficial effects on liver fat accumulation and metabolic health parameters in individuals with fatty liver disease.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Interventions

green teaBEHAVIORAL

Participants consumed green tea three times daily as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet intervention for 12 weeks.

Turkish CoffeeBEHAVIORAL

Participants consumed Turkish coffee twice daily as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet intervention for 12 weeks.

mediterranean dietBEHAVIORAL

participants received a Mediterranean diet intervention without additional Turkish coffee or green tea consumption for 12 weeks.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 19 YearsMax age: 65 Years

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants aged 19-65 years with a diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). * Not using medications for diabetes, dyslipidemia, or rheumatoid arthritis. * Not using dietary supplements. * No dietary program followed within the previous month. * No severe psychiatric disorders. * Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, or rheumatoid arthritis. * Alcohol consumption. * Positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis C positivity, autoimmune hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, toxic hepatitis, or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ≥10 times the upper limit of normal. * Presence of liver malignancy or hepatic decompensation. * Use of systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate within the previous 6 months. * Pregnancy or lactation. * Regular use of dietary supplements. * Following a dietary program within the previous month. * Presence of severe psychiatric disorders. * High daily consumption of tea and coffee.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Change in liver steatozis grade by abdominal Ultrasonography

Liver steatosis was assessed by abdominal ultrasonography and graded as Grade 0 (no steatosis), Grade 1 (mild steatosis), Grade 2 (moderate steatosis), and Grade 3 (severe steatosis). Higher grades indicate greater severity of hepatic steatosis.

Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks

Secondary Outcomes

Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Level (U/L)

Changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/L) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks intervention to evaluate changes in liver function.

Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks

Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Level (U/L)

Changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (U/L) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 12

Change in Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Level (U/L)

Changes in serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels (U/L) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.