The Effect of Multisensory Stimulation During Venipuncture on Pain, Anxiety, and Fear in Children

Overview

Venipuncture is one of the most common and distressing needle-related procedures for children, often causing significant pain, fear, and anxiety. To minimize this procedural distress, effective non-pharmacological interventions are essential in pediatric nursing care.

Children encounter many situations in the hospital environment that trigger pain, fear, and anxiety. The unfamiliarity of the physical environment, the appearance of medical devices, interventions by healthcare professionals, and the unpredictability of routine procedures are cited as important factors that increase children's levels of pain, fear, and anxiety. Children with chronic illnesses, in particular, face numerous painful procedures during diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, while healthy children also experience pain due to reasons such as venipuncture and repeated invasive procedures. Venipuncture, one of the most commonly used and fundamental procedures in healthcare delivery, can be a traumatic experience, especially for children.This procedure can cause intense pain, anxiety, and fear in children, leading to negative psychological reactions in the short term and the development of negative attitudes toward healthcare services in the long term.The literature indicates that such negative attitudes not only adversely affect the success of the procedure but also manifest themselves in the child as physical resistance, crying, avoidance behavior, and increased physiological stress indicators.These behavioral and physiological responses can lead to problems for healthcare professionals, such as prolonged procedure times, multiple attempts, and increased procedural complexity; this situation can cause anxiety for both the child and the healthcare worker. Furthermore, it has been reported that negative experiences during painful procedures such as venipuncture can lead to psychosocial consequences in children, including long-term fear, avoidance of medical procedures, needle phobia, and the formation of traumatic memories. The high levels of anxiety and fear experienced by children during this process can reduce their compliance with healthcare services in later years and lead to mistrust of healthcare professionals. Numerous studies in the literature have determined that the anxiety and fear experienced by children during venipuncture are among the key factors that significantly affect the quality of the procedural process .Therefore, reducing pain, fear, and anxiety that may develop during venipuncture in children is critically important for both protecting the child's short- and long-term well-being and increasing the effectiveness of clinical practice. Although venipuncture is a painful medical procedure, it is one of the situations that causes significant anxiety and fear in children in a hospital setting.Research in the literature on non-pharmacological methods to control pain and reduce anxiety and fear suggests the use of multisensory stimulation to distract children and create a happy and motivating atmosphere. Multisensory stimulation is a non-pharmacological method that aims to support a child's developmental stages using stimulating materials targeting the senses of sight, hearing, smell, and touch, with the goal of reducing behavioral problems, pain, and fear.The basic mechanism of multisensory stimulation is to provide multiple stimuli by continuously activating the tactile, thermal, and emotional systems. This simultaneous stimulation of various sensory systems leads to sensory saturation. This activates the gate control mechanism to close the gates, thereby weakening or suppressing nociceptive transmission. Thus, the gate control mechanism reduces or eliminates pain by closing the gates to prevent the entry of nociceptive signals. Multiple sensory stimulation practices include mother-infant communication, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding that activates skin sensory receptors and the sense of taste, and allowing the infant to smell familiar scents such as breast milk, amniotic fluid, or aromatic scents. Establishing eye contact with the infant, speaking in a soft tone of voice, massage, swaddling, and using the parent's scent are also among the multisensory stimulation practices. Non-pharmacological methods are known to be effective in reducing pain in children and to increase the effectiveness of medications when used in combination with analgesics.Non-pharmacological methods are preferred because they are easy to apply and inexpensive, reducing the need for medication and thus the risk of side effects. Knowing the effects of pain and the associated fear and anxiety on children, developing appropriate pain control strategies is both a medical and ethical responsibility. A review of the literature reveals that there is very little scientific evidence that multisensory stimulation is an effective intervention for reducing pain, fear, and anxiety in children during venipuncture.Recent research in the literature on non-pharmacological methods for pain control and reducing anxiety and fear recommends the use of multisensory stimulation in children. Some studies have examined the effects of multisensory stimulation applications on children's health. These studies have mostly focused on the effects during the neonatal period.Although there are a limited number of studies aimed at reducing pain, fear, and anxiety during venipuncture in children, these studies are limited to methods that focus on only one sense or at most two sensory stimuli.Therefore, our study contributes to the limited literature evaluating the effect of multisensory stimulation by using Happy Senso Therapy foam, which simultaneously stimulates the senses of touch, sight, hearing, and smell. In this context, the aim of our study is to examine the effect of multisensory stimulation applied during venipuncture in children on pain, anxiety, and fear.

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