Subjects are divided into two groups, (1) Control (Ctrl) and (2) Smart Exercise (SE) group. Participants in the Ctrl group are instructed to perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly, with each session lasting 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist. Participants in the SE group perform combined muscle strength and coordination training using the Smart Exercise System twice weekly, with each session lasting 30 minutes, for 12 weeks. Physical fitness tests, coordination tests, and questionnaires are administered to participants in both groups before and after the 12-week exercise program.
Participants are divided into two groups: (1) the Control (Ctrl) group and (2) the Smart Exercise (SE) group. Participants in both groups are instructed to perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes. Participants in the Ctrl group perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist. Participants in the SE group perform muscle strength and coordination training using an upgraded smart exercise system. The smart exercise system consists of an upper-extremity cycle ergometer (UEE) and a lower-extremity cycle ergometer (LEE). Participants in the SE group complete one session using the UEE and one session using the LEE per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, for 12 weeks. Physical fitness tests, coordination tests, and questionnaires are administered to participants in both groups before and after the 12-week exercise program. Changes in physical fitness, coordination, and questionnaire outcomes are compared between the two groups.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
100
Participants in the SE group perform muscle strength and coordination training using an upgraded smart exercise system. The smart exercise system consists of an upper-extremity cycle ergometer (UEE) and a lower-extremity cycle ergometer (LEE). Participants in the SE group complete one session using the UEE and one session using the LEE per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, for 12 weeks.
Participants in the Ctrl group perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist.
National Cheng-Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan, Taiwan
RECRUITINGTUG Manual
The TUG Manual Test evaluates a senior's attentional control and dynamic balance under a motor dual-task condition. Participants perform the standard Timed Up and Go task-standing, walking three meters, turning, and sitting-while carrying a full glass of water in one hand. Instructors record the time, with scores over 14.5 seconds indicating a high risk of falling.
Time frame: baseline
TUG Manual
The TUG Manual Test evaluates a senior's attentional control and dynamic balance under a motor dual-task condition. Participants perform the standard Timed Up and Go task-standing, walking three meters, turning, and sitting-while carrying a full glass of water in one hand. Instructors record the time, with scores over 14.5 seconds indicating a high risk of falling.
Time frame: after 12-week intervation
Six-minute walk test
To walk as much as possible within six minutes and measure the total distance traveled.
Time frame: baseline
Six-minute walk test
To walk as much as possible within six minutes and measure the total distance traveled.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
BMI
Participants's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters is recorded as Body Mass Index (BMI).
Time frame: basline
BMI
Participants's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters is recorded as Body Mass Index (BMI).
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Up and Go test
Number of seconds required to get up from a seated position, walk 8 feet, turn, and return to seated position.
Time frame: baseline
Up and Go test
Number of seconds required to get up from a seated position, walk 8 feet, turn, and return to seated position.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
30 second chair stand test
Number of full stands that can completed in 30 seconds with arms folded across chest.
Time frame: baseline
30 second chair stand test
Number of full stands that can be completed 30 seconds with arms folded across chest.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
SMI
Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), which is the sum of the muscle masses of the four limbs as appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, is detected by TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer.
Time frame: baseline
SMI
Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), which is the sum of the muscle masses of the four limbs as appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, is detected by TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Back scratch
Back scratch with one hand reaching over shoulder and one up the middle of the back, the distance (cm) between extended middle fingers is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
Back scratch
Back scratch with one hand reaching over shoulder and one up the middle of the back, the distance (cm) between extended middle fingers is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Chair sit-&-reach test
From a sitting position at front of chair, with leg extended and hands reaching toward toes, the distance (cm) between extended fingers and tip of toe is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
Chair sit-&-reach test
From a sitting position at front of chair, with leg extended and hands reaching toward toes, the distance (cm) between extended fingers and tip of toe is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
2-minute step test
2-minute step test is to complete steps in 2 minutes. Number of full steps completed in 2 minutes is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
2-minute step test
2-minute step test is to complete steps in 2 minutes. Number of full steps completed in 2 minutes is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Single leg balance with eyes open test
Participant is instructed to stand by one leg with eye open, the number of seconds is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
Single leg balance with eyes open test
Participant is instructed to stand by one leg with eye open, the number of seconds is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Hand grip strength test
Hand grip strength test is performed by HandGRIP Dynamometer
Time frame: baseline
Hand grip strength test
Hand grip strength test is performed by HandGRIP Dynamometer
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Extremity strength
Extremity strength test is performed by handheld dynamometer
Time frame: baseline
Extremity strength
Extremity strength test is performed by handheld dynamometer
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Soda pop coordination
The Soda Pop Coordination Test assesses manual dexterity and hand-eye coordination. Participants use their dominant hand to flip and reposition three soda cans across six marked points as quickly as possible. Completion time is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
Soda pop coordination
The Soda Pop Coordination Test assesses manual dexterity and hand-eye coordination. Participants use their dominant hand to flip and reposition three soda cans across six marked points as quickly as possible. Completion time is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
Ruler drop test
The Ruler Drop Test assesses visual reaction time and hand-eye coordination. Participants catch a ruler dropped without warning using their dominant hand. The falling distance is recorded to calculate reaction time in milliseconds.
Time frame: baseline
Ruler drop test
The Ruler Drop Test assesses visual reaction time and hand-eye coordination. Participants catch a ruler dropped without warning using their dominant hand. The falling distance is recorded to calculate reaction time in milliseconds.
Time frame: after 12-week intervation
Box and blocks test
The Box and Block Test assesses gross manual dexterity and upper-extremity function. Participants transfer blocks across a partition using one hand at a time. The number of blocks transferred within one minute is recorded.
Time frame: baseline
Box and blocks test
The Box and Block Test assesses gross manual dexterity and upper-extremity function. Participants transfer blocks across a partition using one hand at a time. The number of blocks transferred within one minute is recorded.
Time frame: after 12-week intervation
SOF (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures) frailty index (Questionnaire for physical function and health status)
Risk factors for fractures and falls and has grown to look at various determinants of successful aging. Three questions about frailty and two questions about depression.
Time frame: baseline
SOF (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures) frailty index (Questionnaire for physical function and health status)
Risk factors for fractures and falls and has grown to look at various determinants of successful aging. Three questions about frailty and two questions about depression.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
SARC-F
The SARC-F questionnaire is a Fast diagnostic test for SARCopenia. The questionnaire contains five items, which are Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls. The scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 to 2 points for each component. Score equal to or greater than 4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poor outcomes.
Time frame: baseline
SARC-F
The SARC-F questionnaire is a Fast diagnostic test for SARCopenia. The questionnaire contains five items, which are Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls. The scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 to 2 points for each component. Score equal to or greater than 4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poor outcomes.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
EQ-5D (EuroQol- 5 Dimensions)
EQ-5D is a standardized instrument with 5-item questionnaire for measuring generic health status. EQ-5D was first introduced in 1990 by the EuroQol Group. In which health status is measured in terms of five dimensions (5D); mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Rated level can be coded as a number 1, 2, or 3, which indicates having no problems for 1, having some problems for 2, and having extreme problems for 3. As a result, a person's health status can be defined by a 5-digit number, ranging from 11111 (having no problems in all dimensions) to 33333(having extreme problems in all dimensions).
Time frame: baseline
EQ-5D (EuroQol- 5 Dimensions)
EQ-5D is a standardized instrument with 5-item questionnaire for measuring generic health status. EQ-5D was first introduced in 1990 by the EuroQol Group. In which health status is measured in terms of five dimensions (5D); mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Rated level can be coded as a number 1, 2, or 3, which indicates having no problems for 1, having some problems for 2, and having extreme problems for 3. As a result, a person's health status can be defined by a 5-digit number, ranging from 11111 (having no problems in all dimensions) to 33333(having extreme problems in all dimensions).
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
QUEST (Questionnaire for satisfaction)
The 8 items of the questionnaire included Dimensions, Weight, Ease in Adjusting, Safety and Security, Durability, Ease of Use, Comfortable, and Effectiveness. Each item employed a 5-point scale, with 1-point representing not satisfied at all, and 5-point representing very satisfied. Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
System Usability Scale (SUS)
The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a reliable, 10-item Likert-scale questionnaire utilized to provide a global evaluation of a system's usability and user-friendliness. Each item is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate better system usability.
Time frame: after 12-week intervention
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