Evaluation of a Hospital Program to Prevent Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients

Overview

Postoperative delirium is a common complication in older adults undergoing surgery. It is characterized by an acute and fluctuating disturbance of attention, awareness, and thinking. Delirium may be associated with prolonged hospital stay, loss of independence, cognitive decline, complications, and increased need for care. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf has introduced a multicomponent care program to prevent postoperative delirium in patients aged 65 years and older. The program includes preoperative assessment of risk factors such as frailty, cognitive impairment, and malnutrition, as well as information for patients and relatives. Depending on the individual risk profile, preventive measures may include support with orientation, adequate hydration and nutrition, early mobilization, preservation of the sleep-wake cycle, use of glasses and hearing aids, avoidance of unnecessary room changes, and reduction of medications that may contribute to delirium. A specialized delirium team supports patients and clinical staff during the hospital stay. EvaDel is a prospective study evaluating how patient care and clinical outcomes change while this delirium prevention program is gradually implemented in routine clinical practice. Participants will be followed from before surgery until three months after the operation. The study will assess the occurrence of postoperative delirium, cognitive function, independence in everyday activities, postoperative complications, and the extent to which the preventive measures were successfully implemented. The study hypothesis is that a higher degree of implementation of the delirium prevention program will be associated with a lower rate of postoperative delirium and with better cognitive, functional, and clinical outcomes after surgery.

EvaDel is a prospective, single-center, longitudinal implementation study evaluating a multicomponent program for the prevention of postoperative delirium in patients aged 65 years and older undergoing inpatient surgery at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. The program includes preoperative assessment of delirium-related risk factors, including cognitive impairment, frailty, and malnutrition. Patients are assigned to a low-, intermediate-, or high-risk category. Depending on the individual risk profile, preventive measures may include patient and family education, support with orientation, adequate hydration and nutrition, early mobilization, preservation of the sleep-wake cycle, use of glasses and hearing aids, avoidance of unnecessary room transfers, and reduction of potentially deliriogenic medication. A specialized delirium team supports patients and clinical staff. All participants receive care according to the prevention processes established at the time of treatment. No separate control group is planned. As the program is implemented gradually in routine clinical practice, outcomes will be analyzed in relation to time since implementation began and to the documented degree of implementation. Data are collected from medical records and standardized assessments before surgery, during the postoperative hospital stay, at discharge, and during follow-up up to three months after surgery. Assessments include postoperative delirium, cognitive function, frailty, nutritional status, functional independence, complications, and patient experience. The primary analysis will examine whether postoperative delirium decreases with increasing implementation of the prevention program. Secondary analyses will evaluate cognitive, functional, and clinical outcomes, feasibility, and adherence to the individual prevention measures. Regression models will account for relevant baseline and perioperative risk factors. Exploratory analyses will also be performed within the predefined delirium risk groups. The study hypothesis is that a higher degree of implementation will be associated with fewer postoperative delirium events and better postoperative cognitive, functional, and clinical outcomes.