Does Estrogen Blunt the Effects of Exercise Training on Glycemic Control

Inclusion Criteria: * Biological males (with no previous hormonal supplementation). * Between the ages of 18-35 years old * Non-smokers * Sedentary individuals (i.e., engaging in intentional moderate-to-vigorous physical activity \<2x/week) * Body mass index 27-32 kg/m2 * Body fat % \> 22% Exclusion Criteria: 1. Any state that can impact the hormonal milieu (e.g., drug/hormonal supplementation related to health). 2. Usage of anti-inflammatory medications, \>1 glucose lowering medications, insulin, platelet inhibitors, anti-coagulant medications or simvastatin, beta-blockers, weight loss medications (Orlistat, Saxenda, Contrave, Ozempic) or any medications known to affect protein metabolism (i.e., corticosteroids). 3. Presence of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, autoimmune or renal disease. 4. Presence of any condition that makes the participant unable to participate in physical activity as determined using the CSEP Get Active Questionnaire. 5. Presence of injury that restricts exercise performance. 6. VO2max \> 50th percentile for age. 7. Previous (within the last 2 months) or current use of ergogenic aids (i.e. creatine). 8. Previous or current use of weight loss medications, including liraglutide, semaglutide, orlistat, ozempic, etc. 9. History and/or diagnosis of blood clots or family history of blood clot disorders. 10. History of allergies or sensitivities to local anesthetic 11. Ophthalmic vascular disease 12. Classical migraines 13. History of thromboembolic disease 14. Consume 15 or more alcoholic drinks/week or 3 drinks per day 15. Bleeding disorders 16. Severe peripheral neuropathy 17. Muscular dystrophy 18. Prior bariatric surgery 19. Osteoporosis/osteopenia 20. Orthopaedic issues 21. Presence of GI disorders (i.e., Colitis, Crohns disease, Celiac disease) 22. Presence of liver disease or dysfunction (i.e., diagnosed NAFLD, NASH, cirrhosis, previous liver transplant) 23. History of cancer 24. Type 1 or 2 diabetes 25. Presence of renal disorders (creatinine \> 140) 26. Uncontrolled hypertension (\>140/90 mmHg) 27. History of allergies or sensitivities to estradiol or to any ingredient in the formulation or component of the container 28. History and/or diagnosis of blood clots or family history of blood clot disorders 29. Have an implantable electronic device 30. Medical psychiatric history of depression, bipolar, anxiety, suicidal ideation, etc. 31. Inherited clotting disorders 32. Chest pain or shortness of breath 33. Inflammatory disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disorder) 34. Significant weight loss in the 3-month period prior to the study (10% of total body weight) 35. Any kind of major surgery recently 36. Bleeding disorders 37. Active or history of thromboembolic disease (including confirmed venous thromboembolism) 38. Ophthalmic vascular disease 39. Classical migraines