Intermittent Bolus Doses of Phenylephrine, Norepinephrine and Ephedrine for the Management of Spinal Induced Hypotension in Preeclamptic Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Preeclamptic pregnant female * ASA II and III * singleton or twin pregnancies will be scheduled for caesarean delivery * diagnosis of preeclampsia as a new onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Exclusion Criteria: * chronic hypertension, labor or failed trial of labor, * body mass index ≥40 kg/m2 , * resting heart rate \<60 bpm, eclampsia, * known fetal anomalies, contraindications to spinal anesthesia, abruption placentae, and cord prolapas.