Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important challenge in intensive care and requires nurses to apply evidence-based preventive practices consistently in mechanically ventilated patients. This multicenter cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluates the effectiveness of a theory-based structured educational program designed to improve VAP prevention knowledge, reflective nursing practice related to invasive mechanical ventilation, quality of nursing care, and family satisfaction with intensive care unit (ICU) care. The program integrates evidence-based VAP prevention education with clinical decision-making, case-based learning, simulation, reflective exercises, structured debriefing, and practice-improvement planning. Adult ICU nurses working in Ministry of Health hospitals in Jordan are assigned by ICU cluster to either the educational intervention or usual care. Outcomes are assessed at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and six months after completion to evaluate immediate effects and sustainability. VAP prevention knowledge is the primary outcome, while reflective nursing practice, quality of nursing care, and family satisfaction with ICU care are secondary outcomes.
This study is a national, multicenter, two-arm, parallel-group cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating a theory-based structured educational program for nurses working in adult intensive care units (ICUs) affiliated with the Ministry of Health in Jordan. Cluster randomization is conducted at the ICU level to reduce contamination among nurses working within the same clinical environment. The educational program is theoretically grounded in Schön's Reflective Practice Theory and was developed to support the integration of evidence-based VAP prevention knowledge with clinical reasoning and reflective nursing practice. The program consists of four weekly educational sessions, each lasting approximately three hours, for a total of approximately 12 contact hours. Educational strategies include interactive lectures, case-based learning, group discussion, clinical scenarios, demonstration, simulation-based learning, reflective exercises, structured debriefing, and practice-improvement planning. The first session focuses on VAP prevention knowledge and clinical decision-making, including VAP risk factors, mechanisms contributing to VAP development, evidence-based preventive practices, oral care, positioning, airway and secretion management, aspiration prevention, hand hygiene, and relevant ventilator-care bundle components. The second session addresses nursing care of mechanically ventilated patients and the integration of reflective practice into routine ICU care. The third session uses simulation-based clinical scenarios involving mechanically ventilated patients and is followed by structured reflective debriefing. The fourth session integrates the major concepts, addresses barriers to implementation, and supports the development of individualized practice-improvement plans. Participants in the control group receive usual institutional care and education. Routine institutional education and patient-safety procedures are not withheld. The study-specific structured educational program is not provided to control ICUs during the active intervention period. Study outcomes are assessed at three prespecified time points: baseline (T0), immediately after completion of the educational program (T1), and six months after intervention completion (T2). The primary outcome is VAP prevention knowledge. Secondary nurse-level outcomes include reflective nursing practice related to invasive mechanical ventilation and quality of nursing care. Family satisfaction with ICU care is evaluated as a family-level secondary outcome using the FS-ICU 24R. Family respondents are recruited independently of participating nurses and are linked to the relevant ICU and assessment period rather than to individual nurses. The primary treatment effect is evaluated by examining the difference in change between intervention and control groups over time, with particular emphasis on the group-by-time interaction from baseline to the immediate post-intervention assessment. The six-month assessment evaluates retention and sustainability of intervention effects. Longitudinal analyses account for the clustered nature of the trial and repeated measurements. The study was conducted among attending nurses working in intensive care units affiliated with the Ministry of Health (MOH), Jordan, during the period from August 2025 to February 2026.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
600
A standardized, theory-based structured educational program developed for ICU nurses and grounded in Schön's Reflective Practice Theory. The program consists of four weekly sessions, each lasting approximately three hours, for approximately 12 total contact hours. The sessions integrate evidence-based VAP prevention education, clinical decision-making, invasive mechanical ventilation nursing care, case-based learning, simulation-based learning, reflective exercises, structured debriefing, and practice-improvement planning. The intervention is designed to support the application of VAP prevention knowledge through clinical reasoning and reflective nursing practice.
Usual institutional care and education provided to ICU nurses according to routine hospital policies and clinical practices. Routine institutional education, patient-safety procedures, and standard clinical care are not withheld. The study-specific theory-based structured educational program is not provided to control ICUs during the active intervention period.
Jerash University
Amman, Dours, Jordan
VAP Prevention Knowledge
VAP prevention knowledge among ICU nurses, assessed using the validated VAP knowledge questionnaire developed by Labeau et al. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge regarding VAP prevention.
Time frame: Baseline (T0) to immediately post-intervention (T1), with a six-month follow-up assessment (T2) to evaluate retention and sustainability.
Reflective Nursing Practice Related to Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Reflective nursing practice related to invasive mechanical ventilation, assessed using the Questionnaire for Reflective Practice of Nursing Involving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (Q-RPN-IMV). Higher scores indicate a greater level of reflective nursing practice.
Time frame: Baseline (T0), immediately post-intervention (T1), and six months after intervention completion (T2).
Quality of Nursing Care in the Intensive Care Unit
Quality of nursing care in the ICU, assessed using the Quality of Nursing Care Scale-ICU. Higher scores indicate better quality of nursing care according to the instrument's established scoring framework.
Time frame: Baseline (T0), immediately post-intervention (T1), and six months after intervention completion (T2).
Family Satisfaction with ICU Care
Family satisfaction with ICU care, assessed at the family level using the Family Satisfaction in the ICU (FS-ICU 24R). The outcome reflects family members' satisfaction with ICU care, including satisfaction with care and decision-making and communication.
Time frame: Baseline (T0), immediately post-intervention (T1), and six months after intervention completion (T2).
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