Clinical Utility of Needle-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 years or older. * A peripheral pulmonary lesion identified on chest CT. * Bronchoscopic biopsy considered clinically necessary by the treating physician to establish a pathologic diagnosis. * Willingness to undergo r-EBUS and nCLE examinations. * Voluntary participation with written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * A contraindication to bronchoscopy, including severe cardiopulmonary disease,coagulation disorder, failure to discontinue anticoagulant therapy or anticoagulant medication for at least 5 days before the procedure, poor tolerance of anesthesia,psychiatric illness, or severe neurosis. * Pregnancy or breastfeeding. * Known allergy to fluorescein sodium. * Coagulation disorder. * A known allergic disorder, history of asthma, hepatic failure, renal failure, or another contraindication to fluorescein sodium injection. * Continued use of a systemic beta-blocker on the day of the procedure, or inability to discontinue the beta-blocker safely as assessed by the investigator and anesthesiologist. * Inability to cooperate with the study for any reason, or any other condition that the investigator considers unsuitable for enrollment.