This study assesses the effect of using the Autism Program Environment Rating Scale (APERS) as a tool for providing feedback, in-service training, and coaching to school staff in order to improve program quality in special education units (SEUs) for children with autism or related sociocommunicative challenges (SCCs). APERS is used in its culturally validated Swedish version (APERS-Primary-SE). Using a quasi-randomized parallel-group design, SEUs will be allocated to either an experimental (APERS+) or control (TAU) condition. In the APERS+ condition, school staff receive continuous and systematic feedback provided by trained coaches based on the initial APERS assessment. In the TAU condition, schools will also receive feedback based on the initial APERS assessment, but no continuous coaching. It is hypothesized that the APERS based intervention will improve overall program quality for children with autism or related SCCs as compared to TAU. Additionally, we also expect the intervention to improve student functioning, students' individual goal attainment, students' perception of their schools, and teacher self-efficacy as compared to TAU.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
200
APERS assessments with written and oral feedback. Creation of an action plan that is continuously followed up by specially trained coaches weekly or bi-weekly in coaching sessions designed to support the use of evidence-based practices in school settings. Half-day lecture about autism and related SCCs.
Stockholm University
Stockholm, Sweden
Change from baseline in autism program quality as assessed with the Swedish Autism Program Environment Rating Scale - Primary school (APERS-Primary-SE)
The APERS-Primary-SE is a rating scale designed to examine primary school program quality for students with autism or related sociocommunicative challenges in Sweden. It contains 10 domains including areas such as students' personal independence and competence, and challenging behaviors. The scale consists of 58 items rated on a five-point Likert scale (1= low quality, 5 = high quality) resulting in individual item scores, subdomain scores, domain scores, and a total score.
Time frame: Baseline and about 8 months from baseline
Change from baseline in how students feel about their school as assessed with How I Feel About My School (HIFAMS)
The HIFAMS is a questionnaire designed to assess the happiness and subjective well-being of children in school. It will be completed by all participating children in the study. The questionnaire consists of 8 items where the child is asked how they feel about their school life. The items are scored using a three-point facial Likert scale (sad face, neutral face, happy face). The faces are converted into numerical scores (0-2).
Time frame: Baseline and about 8 months from baseline
Change from baseline in parent ratings on their child's bodily functions, activities, and participation and contextual factors as assessed with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for Autism
The ICF Core Sets for Autism is a questionnaire where parents rate their child's functioning. It contains 37 items pertaining bodily functions, activities and participation as well as contextual factors that may affect the child's functioning. Responses are given on a Likert scale ranging from either 0 to 10 (individual factors) or -5 to 5 (contextual factors), where higher ratings indicate higher levels of functioning and/or participation.
Time frame: At baseline and 8 months follow-up.
Change in teachers' perceived self-efficacy in supporting students with autism using the Autism Self-Efficacy Scale for Teachers (ASSET)
The Autism Self-Efficacy Scale for Teachers is a questionnaire where teachers rate their perceived self-efficacy in supporting students with autism and related SCCs in their classroom. It consists of 28 items and is rated on a six-point Likert scale from 0 to 5. Higher ratings indicate higher self-efficacy.
Time frame: At baseline and 8 months follow-up.
Individual goal attainment as assessed with a Goal Attainment Scale (GAS)
The Goal Attainment Scale is a scale used to support, monitor and assess individual goal attainment in children with autism. Goals are created collaboratively by teachers and coaches at baseline and tailored to each child's individual needs and capacity. Goal attainment is assessed by coaches at follow-up on a five-step Likert scale, where 0 is baseline and 4 is exceeding goals.
Time frame: At baseline and 8 months follow-up
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