Temozolomide With or Without Veliparib in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme

Inclusion Criteria: * Histologic documentation: newly diagnosed World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV intracranial glioblastoma or gliosarcoma; GBM with oligodendroglial features are NOT PERMITTED in this study if they are 1p19q codeleted; sites submitting GBM with oligodendroglial features will be asked to provide results of 1p/19q codeletion status * Sufficient tissue available for central pathology review and MGMT methylation status evaluation * Patients who have had a local MGMT testing that is unmethylated are not allowed to participate * Tumor MGMT promoter hypermethylation determined by central testing at MD Anderson * Confirmation by central pathology review of WHO grade IV glioblastoma or gliosarcoma * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1500 cells/mm\^3 (within 14 days prior to study registration) * Platelets \>= 100,000 cells/mm\^3 (within 14 days prior to study registration) * Creatinine =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (within 14 days prior to study registration) * Bilirubin =\< 1.5 x ULN (within 14 days prior to study registration; unless patient has Gilbert's disease) * Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 3 x ULN (within 14 days prior to study registration) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =\< 3 x ULN (within 14 days prior to study registration) * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =\< 2 * Measurable disease or non-measurable disease; extent of resection: patients with complete resection, partial resection, or biopsy are eligible * Progression: patients deemed to have progressive disease based on clinical deterioration after chemoradiation or radiographic progression outside of the radiation field are not eligible; patients deemed to have pseudoprogression are eligible * Prior treatment: * Must have completed standard radiotherapy and concomitant TMZ therapy as defined and determined by the study oncologist * Besides concomitant TMZ with radiation, no other therapy (neo-adjuvant or adjuvant) can be given prior to study registration, including chemotherapy (also including Gliadel/carmustine \[BCNU\] wafers), biologics, immunotherapy, radiation therapy; the only exception is the Optune device (NovoTTF-100A), which may be started any time after end of radiation therapy up through the initiation of Cycle 1; intent to use Optune must be declared at registration for stratification * No prior allogeneic bone marrow transplant or double umbilical cord blood transplantation * Not pregnant and not nursing; females of childbearing potential must have negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 7 days of registration but before start of treatment; a female of childbearing potential is a sexually mature female who: * Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or * Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months) * Concomitant medications: patients receiving anticoagulation should be on stable dose 2 weeks prior to registration * Comorbid conditions: patients are unable to participate due to the following: * Generalized or partial seizure disorder that is uncontrolled at the time of registration; the definition of controlled generalized seizures is patients must be on a stable dose of anti-seizure medication and without generalized seizures for at least 10 days prior to registration; the definition of controlled partial seizures is patients must be on a stable dose of anti-seizure medication for at least 10 days prior to registration; patients with occasional breakthrough partial seizures are allowed at treating physician's discretion * Grade 3 or 4 thromboembolic disease within 6 months (mo) of registration * Known history of prolonged QT syndrome * No history of major surgery =\< 14 days prior to registration * Patients must have adequate organ and marrow function measured within 28 days prior to administration of ABT-888 as defined below: * \>= 10.0 g/dL hemoglobin (Hb) with no blood transfusion in the past 28 days * No Patients with treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (t-AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or with features suggestive of AML/MDS